Prevalence of fetal and neonatal mortality due to congenital anomalies in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, from 2001-2016

Introduction: The infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important health indicator directly associated with living conditions, prenatal care coverage, social development conditions, and parental education, among others. Worldwide, the infant mortality rate was 29/1000 live births in 2017. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fetal and infant mortality rates due to congenital anomalies (CA) in Maranhão from 2001 to 2016. Methods: Data were obtained from the SINASC, and SIM databases. We used simple linear regression, Poisson distribution, and ANOVA (Bonferroni's post hoc test). We analyzed the public data (2001­2016) of 1934858 births and determined the fetal, neonatal, perinatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates associated with CA by mesoregions. Results: The IMR in Maranhão was 17.01/1000 live births (95%CI, 13.30-20.72) and CA was the cause of death in 13.3% of these deaths. Mortality due to CA (per 1000 live births) was 0.76 (95%CI, 0.74­0.85) for fetal mortality rate and 2.27 (95%CI, 1.45-3.10) for infant mortality rate. Geographic and temporal variations were observed with a slight increase in recent years for deaths attributable to CA, and in the northern part of Maranhão. Conclusions: Mortality rates due to CA in Maranhão increased over the period 2001­2016 possibly as a result of improved maternal-infant health conditions eliminating other causes of death. Therefore, efforts to improve early diagnosis and better treatment of congenital anomalies should be considered to reduce its impact on child mortality. (AU)

Mortalidad infantil en la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo. Comparación con la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, la provincia de Buenos Aires y la Argentina (de 2010 a 2017)Infant mortality in the Matanza-Riachuelo / River Basin. Comparison with the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the province of Buenos Aires, and Argentina (2010-2017)

Introducción. La tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) es un indicador de salud y de condiciones socioeconómicas, ambientales y sanitarias. Basurales a cielo abierto y desechos cloacales e industriales hacen de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo (CMR) la más contaminada de Argentina.Objetivo. Analizar la mortalidad infantil (MI) en la CMR en comparación con Argentina, provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA) y Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), y la evolución entre los años 2010 y 2017.Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo a partir de datos del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación.Resultados. En 2017, la TMI en la CMR fue del 9,4 ‰; en Argentina, del 9,3 ‰; en PBA, del 9,4 ‰, y, en CABA, del 6,9 ‰. Entre 2010 y 2017, se observó una disminución de la TMI en la CMR del 20,6 %, similar a PBA y Argentina. En CABA, no hubo descenso.En las 4 jurisdicciones, las afecciones perinatales representaron la primera causa de muerte, seguidas por las malformaciones congénitas y las enfermedades respiratorias. Solo para enfermedad respiratoria, en la CMR, el riesgo fue 4 veces mayor que en CABA (riesgo relativo: 3,9; intervalo de confianza del 95 %: 1,4-10,7).Conclusión. La estructura de causas, la evolución y el riesgo de MI en la CMR, Argentina y PBA fueron similares entre 2010 y 2017. CABA presentó una TMI menor que CMR, pero no mostró descensos. El riesgo de MI en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA a expensas del mayor riesgo por enfermedad respiratori

Introduction. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an indicator of health and socioeconomic, environmental, and health care conditions. Open dumps and sewage and industrial waste make the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin the most polluted in Argentina.Objective. To analyze infant mortality (IM) in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin compared to Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires (PBA), and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), and its evolution between 2010 and 2017.Population and methods. Descriptive study based on data from Argentina's Ministry of Health.Results. In 2017, the IMR was 9.4 ‰ in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin; 9.3 ‰ in Argentina; 9.4 ‰ in PBA; and 6.9 ‰ in CABA. Between 2010 and 2017, the IMR in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin decreased by 20.6 %, similar to PBA and Argentina. No reduction was observed in CABA.In the 4 jurisdictions, perinatal conditions were the leading cause of death, followed by congenital malformations and respiratory diseases. For respiratory diseases only, the risk in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin was 4 times higher than in CABA (relative risk: 3.9; 95 % confidence interval: 1.4-10.7).Conclusion. The structure of causes, evolution, and risk of IM in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin, Argentina, and PBA was similar between 2010 and 2017. IMR was lower in CABA than in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin, but no reduction was observed in the former. The risk of IM was higher in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin than in CABA, at the expense of the increased risk of respiratory disease

Comportamiento de la mortalidad en el hospital infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, período 2013- 2017 / Mortality behavior at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2013-2017

Introducción: el análisis de la mortalidad hospitalaria permite evaluar la calidad de la asistencia médica. Las últimas publicaciones sobre mortalidad en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral datan de 1997 Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento de la mortalidad en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2013­2017 Métodos: estudio descriptivo. Se revisaron los libros de registro y actas de defunciones de los pacientes fallecidos en el Hospital Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2013­2017. Resultados: 3,800 pacientes fallecieron, en promedio 760 fallecidos por año (margen 679-868). 79.9 % con menos de 5 años de edad; las muertes en menores de 1 año de edad representaron el 61.3 % y en el periodo neonatal el 26.1 %. La Sepsis/Shock Séptico (43.4 %) y la Hemorragia Pulmonar (15.4 %) fueron los dos principales diagnósticos de defunción; el 34 % de los fallecidos presentaban una morbilidad asociada al diagnóstico de defunción y en el 40 % la morbilidad asociada era una malformación congénita. El 69.5 % fallecieron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos o Neonatal y 40 % de los pacientes fallecieron antes de las 48 horas de su ingreso al hospital. Conclusión: el grupo etario de mayor mortalidad son los menores de 1 año de edad, se evidencia un alto porcentaje de muertes con enfermedad crónica y malformaciones congénitas asociadas. El hecho de que el 40 % de los pacientes fallecieran antes de las 48 horas de su ingreso, indica la condición de gravedad en que estos pacientes llegan al hospital

Introduction: the analysis of hospital mortality allows to evaluate the quality of medical care. The latest publications on mortality at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital date from 1997. Objective: to know the behavior of mortality in the Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital during the period 2013-2017. Methods: descriptive study. Registration books and death certificates of deceased patients at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Hospital during 2013-2017 were reviewed. Results: 3,800 patients died, on average 760 deaths per year (margin 679-868). 79.9 % with less than 5 years of age; deaths in children under 1 year of age represented 61.3 % and in the neonatal period 26.1 %. Sepsis / Septic Shock (43.4 %) and Pulmonary Hemorrhage (15.4 %) were the two main diagnoses of death; 34 % of the deceased had a morbidity associated with the diagnosis of death and in 40 % the associated morbidity was a congenital malformation. 69.5 % died in the Pediatric or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and 40 % of the patients died within 48 hours of admission to the hospital. Conclusion: the age group with the highest mortality are those under 1 year of age, a high percentage of deaths with chronic disease and associated congenital malformations are evident. The fact that 40 % of patients died before 48 hours of admission indicates the serious condition in which these patients arrive at the hospital.

Tendências recentes dos óbitos fetais por malformações congênitas: um estudo descritivo / Recent trends in fetal death due to congenital malformations: a descriptive study / Tendencias recientes de los óbitos de fetos por malformaciones congénitas: un estudio descriptivo

Este artigo se baseia em um estudo de série temporal sobre os óbitos fetais por malformações congênitas no estado do Maranhão relativo ao período de 2006 a 2016. Foram construídos indicadores epidemiológicos para estimar o risco de morte fetal e sua tendência ao longo da série estudada. Os dados são provenientes do Departamento de Informática do SUS e sua análise realizada por modelos de regressão linear. Foram registrados 17.843 óbitos fetais no período abordado pelo estudo, 528 dos quais decorrentes de malformações congênitas (2,96%). Observou-se uma tendência significativa de aumento do coeficiente de mortalidade fetal geral, correspondente a 6,99% (ß1=0,17; p=0,004) e do específico por malformações congênitas, equivalente a 5,13% (ß1=0,01; p=0,04). Os resultados deste estudo corroboram a tendência histórica dos serviços de saúde negligenciarem os óbitos fetais. É importante destacar que parte destes óbitos são preveníveis e potencialmente evitáveis. Desse modo, a implementação dos comitês de investigação de óbitos fetais e infantis e a sua vigilância adequada poderiam melhorar a assistência prestada tanto no pré-natal quanto no parto.

This article bases on a time series study about fetal deaths due to congenital malformations in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, occurred from 2006 to 2016. Epidemiological indicators were constructed to estimate the risk of fetal death and its trend throughout the series studied. The data were obtained in the Department of Informatics of SUS and analyzed by linear regression models. There were 17,843 fetal deaths during the analysed period, from which 528 were a direct result of congenital malformations (2.96%). A significant tendency towards an increase in the coefficient of general fetal mortality corresponding to 6.99% (ß1=0.17; p=0.004) and in the coefficient of specific fetal mortality due to congenital malformations equivalent to 5.13% (ß1=0.01; p=0.04) were observed. The end results of this study corroborate the historical trend toward negligence in Brazilian health centres with regard to fetal deaths. It is important to remark that some of these deaths can be presumed and potentially preventable. Thus, the implementation of the fetal and infant death investigation committees and their adequate surveillance could improve care during prenatal and delivery.

Este artículo se basa en un estudio de serie temporal acerca de muertes de fetos por malformaciones congénitas en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, concerniente al periodo de 2006 a 2016. Se construyeron indicadores epidemiológicos para estimar el riesgo de la muerte fetal y su tendencia a lo largo de la serie estudiada. Los datos son provenientes del Departamento de Informática del SUS y fueron analizados por modelos de regresión lineal. Se registraron 17.843 muertes de fetos en el período estudiado, de los cuales 528 fueron resultado de malformaciones congénitas (2,96%). Se observó una tendencia significativa al aumento del coeficiente de mortalidad fetal general correspondiente a 6.99% (ß1=0,17; p=0,004) y del específico, por malformaciones congénitas, equivalente a 5,13% (ß1=0,01; p=0,04). Los resultados del estudio corroboran la tendencia histórica a la negligencia de los centros de salud brasileños con respecto a las muertes de los fetos. Por su importancia debemos destacar que parte de esas muertes son presumibles y pueden ser evitadas. De ese modo, la implementación de los comités de investigación de muertes de fetos y infantiles y su vigilancia adecuada podrían mejorar la asistencia prestada en el prenatal y en el parto.

Estudo de base populacional sobre mortalidade infantil / Population-based study on infant mortality

Resumo Embora o Brasil tenha diminuído na última década as disparidades sociais, econômicas e de indicadores de saúde, as diferenças intra e inter-regionais das taxas de mortalidade infantil (TMI) persistem em regiões como a capital do estado de Mato Grosso. Estudo de base populacional que objetivou investigar fatores associados à mortalidade infantil em cinco coortes de nascidos vivos (NV) de mães residentes em Cuiabá (MT), Brasil, 2006-2010, através de linkage probabilístico em 47.018NV. Utilizou-se regressão logística, por meio de análise hierarquizada. Dos 617 óbitos infantis, 48% ocorreram no período neonatal precoce. A TMI variou de 14,6 a 12,0 óbitos por mil NV. Permaneceram independentemente associados ao óbito: mães sem companheiro (OR = 1,32); baixo número de consultas de pré-natal (OR = 1,65); baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 4,83); prematuridade (OR = 3,05); Apgar ≤ 7 no 1º minuto (OR = 3,19); Apgar ≤ 7 no 5º minuto (OR = 4,95); malformação congênita (OR = 14,91) e sexo masculino (OR = 1,26). Houve redução da mortalidade infantil em Cuiabá, porém, há necessidade de direcionamento de políticas públicas de saúde de assistência no período pré-natal e perinatal para alcançar a diminuição da mortalidade neonatal precoce e novos estudos para identificar quais as causas de óbitos evitáveis.

Abstract Although Brazil has reduced social, economic and health indicators disparities in the last decade, intra- and inter-regional differences in child mortality rates (CMR) persist in regions such as the state capital of Mato Grosso. This population-based study aimed to investigate factors associated with child mortality in five cohorts of live births (LB) of mothers living in Cuiabá (MT), Brazil, 2006-2010, through probabilistic linkage in 47,018 LB. We used hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Of the 617 child deaths, 48% occurred in the early neonatal period. CMR ranged from 14.6 to 12.0 deaths per thousand LB. The following remained independently associated with death: mothers without companion (OR = 1.32); low number of prenatal consultations (OR = 1.65); low birthweight (OR = 4.83); prematurity (OR = 3.05); Apgar ≤ 7 at the first minute (OR = 3.19); Apgar ≤ 7 at the fifth minute (OR = 4.95); congenital malformations (OR = 14.91) and male gender (OR = 1.26). CMR has declined in Cuiabá, however, there is need to guide public healthcare policies in the prenatal and perinatal period to reduce early neonatal mortality and further studies to identify the causes of preventable deaths.

Análisis de los factores de riesgo de muerte neonatal en Chile, 2010-2014 / Analysis of risk factors for neonatal death in Chile, 2010-2014

Introducción: Los indicadores de salud materno-infantil son un reflejo del nivel de salud alcanzado, nivel de vida y el estado de desarrollo de un país. El período de mayor riesgo de muerte durante el primer año de vida es la etapa neonatal. Objetivo: Analizar los factores sociodemográficos y fisiopatológicos maternos y del recién nacido asociados a la mortalidad neonatal en un hospital terciario de Chile. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de los casos (muerte neonatal) y controles (nacidos vivos) nacidos en el periodo 2010-2014. Se realizó un pareamiento en una proporción 1:2 por año, mes de nacimiento y sexo. Mediante la revisión de fichas clínicas y bases de datos existentes se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas y fisiopatológicas de la madre y del recién nacido. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio ocurrieron 81 muertes neonatales, con una tasa estimada de 5,8 por mil nacidos vivos. Se accedió a 65 casos que se compararon con 130 controles. Las principales causas de muerte correspondieron a la prematurez y malformaciones congénitas. Se encontró que la presencia de parto prematuro (OR: 3; IC95% 1,1-8,7), recién nacido pequeño para la edad gestacional (OR: 4; IC95% 1,7-12,1), puntaje Apgar al minuto entre 4-7 (OR: 4; IC95% 1,8-10,5), actividad materna fuera del hogar (OR: 4; IC95% 2,3-8,7), y parto por cesárea (OR: 3; IC95% 1,5-5,6) fueron los factores de riesgo más prevalentes. Conclusión: La mortalidad neonatal se asocia a prematurez. Es necesario seguir dirigiendo los esfuerzos a la prevención del parto prematuro.

Aim: To analyze socio-demographic as maternal and newborn factors associated with neonatal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Chile. Patients and Method: A retrospective analysis of case (neonatal death) and control (live births) was performed. A match 1:2 proportion considering year, month of birth and gender was made. By reviewing medical records and existing databases, we analyzed sociodemographic and pathophysiological variables of the mother and their newborn in a period between 2010 and 2014. Results: During the period of study 81 neonatal deaths occurred in the hospital, with an estimated rate of 5.8 per thousand live births. Sixty-five cases were recruted, who were compared with 130 controls. The main causes of death were prematurity and congenital malformations. It was found that the presence of preterm birth (OR: 3; 95% CI 1.1-8.7), newborn small for gestational age (OR: 4; 95% CI 1.7-12.1) Apgar score at minute 4-7 (OR: 4; 95% CI 1.8-10.5), maternal activity outside the household (OR: 4; 95% CI 2.3-8.7), and cesarean delivery (OR: 3; 95% CI 1.5-5.6) were the most prevalent risk factors. Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is associated with prematurity. Therefore it is of relevance to continue promoting efforts to prevent preterm birth.

Anomalías nefrourológicas congénitas en niños hospitalizados / Nephrourological congenital anomalies in children hospitalized

Introducción : las anomalías congénitas nefrourológicas se encuentran en segundo lugar en frecuencia entre las malformaciones detectadas por ecografía prenatal. La importancia del diagnóstico precoz radica en la posibilidad de prevenir infecciones urinarias, corregir la obstrucción urinaria y evitar o enlentecer el deterioro de la función renal. En nuestro país, el 30,4% de los menores de 15 años en diálisis crónica tiene una insuficiencia renal por nefrouropatía malformativa. Los objetivos fueron conocer la tasa de hospitalización, describir las características clínicas y evolutivas de los niños hospitalizados con diagnóstico ecográfico pre y postnatal de malformación nefrourológica. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo. Se incluyeron los niños con ecografía del aparatourinario patológica hospitalizados en el sector de cuidados moderados del HP-CHPR entre 01/07/2012 y el 30/6/2013, se excluyeron aquellos con disfunción vesical o glomerulopatía crónica. Se valoró: edad, sexo, hallazgo ecográfico, diagnóstico nosológico, manifestaciones clínicas, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 44 niños, la tasa de hospitalización fue 3.9‰, relación masculino/femenino 1,9/1; la mediana de edad 23 meses (percentil 75: 91 meses). Se realizó ecografía prenatal en 36/44, de las cuales 18 fueron patológicas. Se controlaron ecográficamente luego del nacimiento 11/18. En los 26 pacientes restantes, el diagnóstico ecográfico se realizó en la etapa postnatal previo a la internación en 15 y durante la hospitalización en 11. El número de malformaciones halladas fue 66; 22 fueron bilaterales. Predominaron el reflujo vésicoureteral(n=19), las obstrucciones (n=15), y la agenesia/displasia renal (n=18). Requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico 21, endoscópico seis.(...)

Introduction: congenital abnormalities of urinary tract andkidneys rank second in frequency of structuralabnormalities on antenatal ultrasound. Early diagnosisallows to prevent urinary tract infections, to treat urinarytract obstruction and to avoid or slow the decline in renalfunction. In our country 30,4% of patients younger than 15years old on chronic dialysis have a kidney failurebecause of a congenital abnormality.The aims of this study were to know the hospitalizationrate and to describe clinic and evolutionary characteristicsof hospitalized children with a congenital abnormality ofurinary tract and kidneys diagnosed by antenatal/postnatal ultrasound.Patients and methods: a descriptive and prospectivestudy was performed. Hospitalized children in HP-CHPR,between 01/07/2012 and 30/06/2013, with pathologicultrasound of kidneys or urinary tract, were included.Children with bladder dysfunction or glomerulopathy wereexcluded. We considered age, gender, ultrasoundfindings, definitive diagnosis, clinic manifestations,treatment and outcome.Results: we included 44 children. Hospitalization rate was3.9 0/00, the relation male/female was 1.9/1 and themedian age 23 months (75th percentile: 91 months).Antenatal ultrasound was performed in 36/44 patients; 18of them were pathologic; among these last ones, 11/18underwent postnatal ultrasound to control findings. In theother 26 patients, the diagnosis of pathologic ultrasoundwas made after birth: in 15 of them before thehospitalization and in 11 during the hospitalization. Wefound 66 affected kidneys; 22 were bilateral. The mostfrequent diagnosis were: vesicoureteric reflux (n=19),obstruction (n=15) and renal dysplasia/ agenesis (n=18).Twenty one patients underwent surgical treatment and 6underwent endoscopic treatment; 8 patients receivedmore than one invasive treatment...

El aborto eugenésico podría explicar la menor mortalidad infantil existente en Cuba comparada con la de Chile / Eugenic abortion could explain the lower infant mortality in Cuba compared to that in Chile

Background: Cuba and Chile have the lower infant mortality rates of Latin America. Infant mortality rate in Cuba is similar to that of developed countries. Chilean infant mortality rate is slightly higher than that of Cuba. Aim: To investigate if the lower infant mortality rate in Cuba, compared to Chile, could be explained by eugenic abortion, considering that abortion is legal in Cuba but not in Chile. Material and Methods: We compared total and congenital abnormalities related infant mortality in Cuba and Chile during 2008, based on vital statistics of both countries. Results: In 2008, infant mortality rates in Chile were significantly higher than those of Cuba (7.8 vs. 4.7per 1,000 live born respectively, odds ratio (OR) 1.67; 95% confidence intervals (Cl) 1.52-1.83). Congenital abnormalities accounted for 33.8 and 19.2% of infant deaths in Chile and Cuba, respectively. Discarding infant deaths related to congenital abnormalities, infant mortality rate continued to be higher in Chile than in Cuba (5.19 vs. 3.82 per 1000 live born respectively, OR 1.36; 95%CI 1.221.52). Conclusions: Considering that antenatal diagnosis is widely available in both countries, but abortion is legal in Cuba but not in Chile, we conclude that eugenic abortion may partially explain the lower infant mortality rate observed in Cuba compared to that observed in Chile.

Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas y condición socioeconómica: el caso de la Argentina / Infant mortality due to congenital malformations and socioeconomic status: the case of Argentina

OBJETIVO: Relacionar la tasa de mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas (TMIMC) y el porcentaje de muertes por malformaciones congénitas (%MMC) con las características sociodemográficas y económicas en la Argentina. MÉTODOS: La población estudiada de la Argentina reside en 511 departamentos de 23 provincias, agrupadas en cinco regiones geográficas (Noroeste, Noreste, Centro, Cuyo y Patagonía). Las variables analizadas fueron la TMLMC y el %MMC calculados a partir de los nacimientos y las defunciones del quinquenio 2002-2006. Además, se utilizaron 21 variables del Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2001 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Argentina) para construir el Indicador Sociodemográfico y Económico (ISDE) mediante el análisis de componentes principales. Se realizaron pruebas de comparación para valorar si aparecían diferencias significativas entre las distintas regiones y las correlaciones entre indicadores, y de estos con la latitud y longitud departamental. RESULTADOS: La TMIMC no presentó correlación significativa con el ISDE ni con las coor denadas geográficas. El %MMC y el ISDE presentaron una correlación positiva significativa (P < 0,05) en todos los niveles de organización política. El ISDE explicó 41% de la variación del %MMC. CONCLUSIONES: La TMIMC no se asoció significativamente con la marcada heterogeneidad socioeconómica del país; los valores más elevados del %MMC, en cambio, se observaron en las poblaciones del centro y sur del país. Dada la relación entre el %MMC y el desarrollo socioeconómico poblacional se sugiere utilizar este indicador como una aproximación (proxy) de bienestar y calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the infant mortality rate due to congenital malformations ( IMRCM) and the percentage of deaths due to congenital malformations (%DCM) with sociodemographic and economic characteristics in Argentina. METHODS: The Argentine study population resided in 511 departments of 23 provinces, grouped into five geographic regions (Northwest, Northeast, Central, Cuyo, and Patagonia). The analyzed variables were the IMRCM and the %DCM calculated on the basis of births and deaths during 2002-2006 period. In addition, 21 variables were used from the 2001 Population and Housing Census (National Census and Statistics Institute of Argentina) to construct the Sociodemographic and Economic Indicator (SDEI) through the analysis of principal components. Comparison tests were carried out in order to assess the significant differences among the various regions and the correlations between indicators, and of these with the departmental latitudes and longitudes. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI, nor with geographic coordinates. However, there was a significant positive correlation between the IMRCM and the SDEI (P < 0.05) at all levels of political organization. The SDEI explained 41% of the %DCM. CONCLUSIONS: The IMRCM was not significantly associated with the country's marked socioeconomic heterogeneity; the highest %DCM values, on the other hand, were observed in the populations of the central and southern areas of the country. Given the relationship between the %DCM and socioeconomic development of the population, use of this indicator as a proxy of well-being and quality of life is suggested.

Apgar score and neonatal mortality in a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City, Brazil / Escore de Apgar e mortalidade neonatal em um hospital localizado na zona sul do município de São Paulo

Objective: To correlate the Apgar score, and neonatal mortality and its causes at a hospital located in the southern area of São Paulo City. Methods: A retrospective study performed by analysis of medical charts (n=7,094) of all live newborns during the period of 2005 to 2009, with data up to 28 days of life in reference to weight, Apgar score, survival and cause of mortality. Cases were analyzed by the X² test (p < 0.05). Results: In 7,094 births, there were 139 deaths, 58.3% during the first week, and 3.6% of them with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute. A positive association was found between mortality and this variable, with significantly declining values up to 2,000 g in weight. In the group with weight < 1,000 g, the association with Apgar < 4 in the 1st minute with mortality was three-fold greater than in the 1,000-1,500 g weight group, and 35-fold greater than in the ? 3,000 g group. Among newborns with Apgar 8-10, the rate of mortality and low weight was two times greater than in those with weight > 2,499 g. Fetal distress and prematurity were associated with early neonatal death; malformations and fetal distress to late mortality. The predictive value of death with Apgar < 4 varied, according to weight, from 62.74% in the < 1,000 g group to 5.5%, in the > 3,000 g group. Conclusions: The Apgar score proved linked to factors both epidemiological and related to attention given to the birth and neonatal mortality, and was associated with extremely low birth weight.

Objetivo: Correlacionar o escore de Apgar e a mortalidade neonatal e suas causas em um hospital localizado na zona Sul do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo por análise de prontuário (n=7.094), de todos os recém-nascidos vivos, no período de 2005 a 2009, com dados referentes até os 28 dias de vida, quanto a peso, escore de Apgar, sobrevida e causa de mortalidade. Os casos foram analisados pelo teste do X² (p < 0,05). Resultados: Nos 7.094 nascimentos, houve 139 óbitos, 58,3% na primeira semana, 3,6% com Apgar < 4 no 1º minuto. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre mortalidade e essa variável, com valores decrescentes significantemente até o peso de 2.000 g. No grupo de peso < 1.000 g, a associação do Apgar < 4 no 1º minuto com mortalidade foi três vezes maior do que no grupo 1.000 a 1.500 g e 35 vezes maior do que no grupo ? 3.000 g. Entre os recém-nascidos com Apgar de 8 a 10, a mortalidade entre baixo peso foi duas vezes maior do que nos de peso > 2.499 g. O sofrimento fetal e a prematuridade se associaram a óbito neonatal precoce; malformações e o sofrimento fetal à mortalidade tardia. O valor preditivo de morrer quando o Apgar < 4 variou, conforme o peso, entre 62,74% no grupo < 1.000 g a 5,5% no grupo > 3.000 g. Conclusões: O escore de Apgar se mostrou ligado a fatores epidemiológicos e de atenção ao parto, à mortalidade neonatal e se associou a extremo baixo peso.

Análisis de la mortalidad perinatal, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España: 2000-2009 / Analysis of perinatal mortality, Miguel Servet Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain: 2000-2009

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la mortalidad perinatal (MP) del Hospital Miguel Servet (2000-2009). Valorar su evolución, distribución según edad gestacional y peso de los recién nacidos (RN), y las posibles causas. MÉTODO: Análisis sobre un total de 44.409 RN >500 gramos y 402 nacidos muertos ó fallecidos antes de los 28 días completos de vida. Los datos se recogieron en un formulario siguiendo las recomendaciones de la FIGO y la novena Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. RESULTADOS: La MP ampliada global fue de 9,05/1000 nacidos, la mortalidad fetal de 4,91/1000 nacidos y la mortalidad neonatal 4,14/1000 nacidos vivos. La MP estándar fue de 4,73/1000 nacidos. Según la edad gestacional, un 79,6% de la MP fueron pretérminos; el 46,02% de los casos eran <1000 gramos y 59,95% <1500 gramos. Procedían de partos múltiples 92 RN (90 pretérminos); la MP de los embarazos gemelares fue 34,65/1000 nacidos. Las causas más frecuentes de MP eran: inmadurez extrema, <1000 gramos (46,02%), rotura prematura de membranas (23,13%), gestaciones múltiples (22,89%), complicaciones de placenta o cordón (21,64%), hipoxia intrauterina y asfixia al nacer (21,64%), y malformaciones congénitas y cromosomopatías (18,9%). CONCLUSIÓN: La MP está gravada por la prematuridad, el bajo peso extremo y los embarazos múltiples, disminuyendo paulatinamente a expensas de la mortalidad neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Hospital Miguel Servet perinatal mortality (PM) during the years 2000-2009, valuing its evolution and distribution according to gestational age and birth weight. Maternal and fetal possible causes are analized. METHODS: 44.409 newborns of >500 grams or 22 weeks gestational age, were studied. The total number of perinatal deaths was 402 containing late neonatal deaths (to 28 completed days of live). The data for each case of perinatal mortality were recorded in a form following FIGO recommendations and the 9th International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS: Extended PM rate was 9.05/1000 newborns, fetal mortality 4.91/1000 newborns and neonatal mortality 4.14/1000 live births. Standard PM was 4.73/1000 newborns. According to gestational age, 79.60% were preterm deliveries. Considering birth weights, 46.02% were extremely low birth weight (<1000 grams), and 59.95% were <1500 grams. The number of perinatal deaths in multiple pregnancies was 92 (90 preterm deliveries). PM in twins was 34.65/1000 newborns. Main causes of death were extreme immaturity (<1000 grams) in 46.02%, premature rupture of membranes (23.13%), multiple deliveries (22.89%), complications of placenta or umbilical cord (21.64%), intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia at birth in 21.64% of the cases, and congenital malformations and chromosomopaties (18.90%). CONCLUSIONS: PM is encumbered by prematurity, extremely low birth weight and múltiple pregnancies. Decrease of perinatal mortality had occurred mainly at the expense of neonatal mortality.

Mortalidad perinatal en gestaciones múltiples: Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España: 2000-2009 / Perinatal mortality in multiple pregnancies: Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España: 2000-2009

Objetivos: Evaluar la mortalidad perinatal (MP) de las gestaciones múltiples del Hospital Miguel Servet de Zaragoza (2000-2009). Método: Análisis, sobre un total de 44.401 recién nacidos (RN) >500 gramos, de 92 nacidos muertos ó fallecidos antes de los 28 días de vida procedentes de gestaciones múltiples. Los datos se recogieron en un formulario siguiendo las recomendaciones de la FIGO y la novena Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE). Resultados: La MP ampliada global fue de 40,42/1000 nacidos. Analizada por el número de RN, la MP de los embarazos gemelares fue 34,65/1000 nacidos y la de las gestaciones triples 80,65/1000. La mortalidad fetal fue 11,86/1000 nacidos y la neonatal (MN) 28,56/1000 nacidos vivos. La MP estándar fue 14,06/1000. Esta MP constituye el 22,89 por ciento de la MP total del Hospital, y la MN de los múltiples el 35,33 por ciento de la mortalidad neonatal total. Un 97,83 por ciento fueron pretérminos; 72,83 por ciento fueron <1000 gramos y 88,05 por ciento <1500 gramos. La causa última fue inmadurez extrema, <1000 gramos (72,83 por ciento). Hubo un 18,48 por ciento de rotura prematura (RPM) de membranas, 17,39 por ciento de partos pretérminos espontáneos sin otra causa aparente, y 13,04 por ciento de malformaciones congénitas y cromosomopatías. Conclusión: La MP en múltiples está gravada por la prematuridad, y el bajo peso extremo. La MP de ambos gemelos ocurre en el bajo peso extremo (87,50 por ciento <1000 gramos), y sus causas más frecuentes son RPM (21,88 por ciento) con corioam-nionitis (12,50 por ciento) y el síndrome de transfusión feto-fetal (18,76 por ciento).

Objective: To evaluate Hospital Miguel Servet perinatal mortality (PM) in multiple pregnancies (2000-2009), valuing its evolution and distribution according to gestational age and birth weight. Maternal and fetal causes are analized. Methods: 44,401 newborns of >500 grams or 22 weeks gestational age, were studied. The total number of perinatal deaths in multiple pregnancies was 92 containing late neonatal deaths (to 28 days of live). The data for each case of perinatal mortality were recorded in a form following FIGO recommendations and the 9th International Classification Diseases. Results: Extended PM rate in multiple pregnancies was 40.42/1000 newborns, PM in twins was 34.65/1000, and in triplet births 80.65/1000. Fetal mortality was 11.86/1000 newborns and neonatal mortality 28.56/1000 live births. Standard PM was 14.06/1000 newborns. The MP of the multiple pregnancies was the 22.89 percent of total MP, and multiple pregnancies neonatal mortality 35.33 percent of total neonatal mortality. According to gestational age, 97.83 percent were preterm deliveries (90 newborns). Considering birth weights, 72.83 percent were extremely low birth weight (<1000 grams), and 88.05 percent were <1500 grams. Main cause of death was extreme immaturity (<1000 grams). Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) was presented in 18.48 percent, of the cases, spontaneous preterm labor without apparent cause in 17.39 percent, and congenital malformations and chromosomopaties (13.04 percent). Conclusions: PM in multiple pregnancies is encumbered by prematurity and extremely low birth weight. PM in both twins was associated with extremely low birth weight (87.50 percent < 1000 grams), and main causes of death were PROM (21.88 percent) with chorioamnionitis (12.50 percent), and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (18.76 percent).

Perfil das malformações congênitas no berçário anexo à maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo / Profile of the congenital malformations in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at a tertiary care reference University Hospital in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever a incidência e os tipos de malformações congênitas, a mortalidade e o tempo de permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos (RN) portadores de malformações congênitas admitidos em berçário de alta complexidade de um hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional retrospectivo e prospectivo de uma coorte de recém-nascidos vivos portadores de malformações congênitas. Foram incluídos todos os neonatos com malformação, nascidos no período de um ano (2007-2008) no Berçário Anexo à Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de análise de prontuários e avaliação dos RN. Para a descrição dos resultados, foram utilizadas a frequência relativa e absoluta das classes de cada variável qualitativa e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão (variáveis quantitativas). Na comparação entre as variáveis, foram usados o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Houve 1628 nascidos-vivos no período, sendo 93 (5,71%) portadores de malformações. Predominaram as malformações neurológicas (33%), urogenitais (32%) e craniofaciais (31%). Houve 46 (49,5%) RN de termo e 47 (50,5%) pré-termos; 41 (44,09%) foram RN de baixo peso. Dentre os RN com malformações, 86 (92%) apresentavam malformações maiores e 7 (8%), malformações menores. O tempo médio de internação foi de 43,8 dias. Houve 21 (22,6%) óbitos, com associação significante entre mortalidade e malformações (p<0,0001), sobretudo cardíacas (p=0,014). CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência de malformações congênitas foi elevada em relação à descrita na literatura, havendo predomínio de malformações maiores. As anomalias mais comuns foram as neurológicas, conforme verificado por outros autores. Observou-se, também, uma mortalidade superior à encontrada na literatura, o que pode ser explicado pela gravidade dos casos descritos. A permanência hospitalar foi prolongada em relação à média dos recém-nascidos da unidade.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and type of congenital malformation (CM), hospital mortality and amount of time in hospital of newborn babies (NB) with CM admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary care reference university hospital in Brazil. METHODS: Observational retrospective and prospective study of a cohort of NB with CM. We studied all NB with CM in the period of one year (2007-2008) borned in the Berçário Anexo à Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. The data was collected from clinical records and NB avaliation. Results were described by relative and absolute frequency of the classes of each qualitative variable and measures of central tendency and dispersion (quantitative variables). Chi-square and the Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the variables. RESULTS: There were 1628 NB in the period, 93 (5.71%) of which had CM. The most prevalent CM were neurological 31 (33%), genitourinary 30 (32%) and craniofacial 29 (31%). Among NB with CM, 46 (49.5%) were term and 47 (50.5%) were preterm. Low birth weight was observed in 41 (44.09%) of NB. Major and minor malformations were diagnosed in 86 (92%) and 7 (8%) of NB, respectively. The average time of hospitalizationwas 43.8 days and 21 (22.6%) of NB with CM died. There was a significant association between mortality and CM (p<0.0001), specially cardiac malformations (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CM was higher than found in literature, major malformation being more prevalent. The majority of CM was neurological, as found by others authors. Compared to literature, the NB with CM studied had higher mortality and longer period of hospitalization, what can be explained by the gravity of the cases. There was significant association between CM and mortality, mainly due to cardiac malformations.

Mortalidade neonatal em Taubaté: um estudo caso-controle / Neonatal mortality in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil: a case-control study

OBJETIVO: Identificar e quantificar os fatores de risco para óbito neonatal em Taubaté, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo caso-controle com dados de nascidos vivos e de óbitos neonatais de Taubaté, em 2003, obtidos da Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo. Os casos (óbitos neonatais) e os controles (recém-nascidos nos mesmos dias daqueles que faleceram) foram reunidos num banco por meio da técnica de linkage. As variáveis independentes foram: variáveis sociodemográficas e assistenciais (idade e escolaridade maternas, paridade, consultas no pré-natal, tipo de parto e relato de natimorto) e variáveis biológicas (peso ao nascer, idade gestacional, escore de Apgar, presença de defeito congênito e sexo). Utilizou-se a regressão logística para identificar e quantificar os efeitos destas variáveis em relação ao óbito neonatal pelo programa SPSS 10.0. Foram introduzidas no modelo as variáveis que apresentaram p<0,20 na análise univariada e permaneceram aquelas com p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 392 recém-nascidos, sendo 34 óbitos. Havia 198 do sexo masculino (51 por cento), 60 com baixo peso (15 por cento) e 51 prematuros (13 por cento). A idade materna média foi 26 anos. As variáveis "baixo peso ao nascer", "Apgar <8" e "presença de defeito congênito" associaram-se significativamente à presença de óbito neonatal. O modelo explicou 58 por cento dos óbitos, mostrando acurácia de 93 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco encontrados mostram a importância da prevenção do baixo peso e do bom atendimento na sala de parto, tendo o modelo mostrado boa acurácia e bom poder explicativo para o óbito neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and to estimate the risk factors associated to neonatal mortality in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This case-control study enrolled live births in the city of Taubaté during 2003. Live birth data and death records were obtained from São Paulo Health Department. Neonatal deaths were cases and babies born alive in the same day of cases were the controls. A single data file was created by linkage approach. Dependent variable was neonatal death. Independent variables were those related to socio-demographic characteristics and prenatal care (maternal age, years in school, parity, previous stillbirths, prenatal care), as well as the biological ones (birthweight, gender, gestational age, congenital defects and Apgar score). Logistic regression was used to identify and to estimate the risk factors associated to neonatal death. The variables with p<0.20 were introduced in the model and maintained if p<0.05, by SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: 392newborns with 34 neonatal deaths were studied. There were 198 males (50 percent), 60 low birth weight (15 percent) and 51 preterm infants (13 percent). Mean maternal age was 26 years. The variables "low birth weight", "Apgar score <8" and "congenital defects" were significantly associated to neonatal deaths. The model explained 58 percent of neonatal deaths, with an accuracy of 93 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors associated to neonatal deaths show the importance of low birth weight prevention and a good prenatal and delivery care, in order to improve neonatal vitality at birth. The model had a good accuracy and a high power to explain the neonatal death.

Diferenciales de mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas con datos pareados: Chile 1993-1995 / Infant mortality differentials from congenital malformations with linked records: Chile 1993-1995

Background: The analysis of infant mortality from congenital malformations, which at present is the main group of causes of this mortality in Chile, suggests that it could be decreased with a good knowledge of its conditioning factors. Aim: To study infant mortality differentials from congenital malformations with linked records, in the 1993 to 1995 Chilean birth cohorts. Material and methods: Analysis of mortality differentials in 1993,1994 and 1995 birth cohorts. Multivariate logistic regression of mortality from congenital diseases. Results: Univariate analysis showed that mortality is highest in the Southern regions of the country (VII to XII) and in rural areas. It is also higher in children from older and from very young mothers, it increases along with the birth order of the child and decreases with increasing educational level of the mother. Multiple logistic regression analysis, confirmed the higher mortality in the Southern regions, aged mothers, high birth order of the child and low educational level of the mother. However no significant influence of rurality nor greater mortality in children of very young mothers was found. Conclusions: These results can be attributed to the fact that this type of analysis permits the control with other variables. Although the mortality data showed interesting relationships with the independent variables, a registry of all live births and stillbirths with congenital anomalies, that would provide greater numbers and data on non fatal anomalies, would be desirable to better study their causal factors

Infant mortality due to perinatal causes in Brazil: trends, regional patterns and possible interventions

CONTEXT: Brazilian infant and child mortality levels are not compatible with the country's economic potential. In this paper, we provide a description of levels and trends in infant mortality due to perinatal causes and malformations and assess the likely impact of changing intermediate-level determinants, many of which are amenable to direct interventions through the health or related sectors. TYPE OF STUDY: Review paper. METHODS: Two main sources of mortality data were used: indirect mortality estimates based on censuses and surveys, and rates based on registered deaths. The latter were corrected for under-registration. Combination of the two sources of data allowed the estimation of cause-specific mortality rates. Data on current coverage of preventive and curative interventions were mostly obtained from the 1996 Demographic and Health Survey. Other national household surveys and Ministry of Health Statistics were also used. A thorough review of the Brazilian literature on levels, trends and determinants of infant mortality led to the identification of a large number of papers and books. These provided the background for the analyses of risk factors and potential interventions. RESULTS: The indirect infant mortality rate estimate for 1995-97 is of 37.5 deaths per thousand live births, about six times higher than in the lowest mortality countries in the world. Perinatal causes account for 57 percent of all infant deaths, and congenital malformations are responsible for 11.2 percent of these deaths. Mortality levels are highest in the Northeast and North, and lowest in the South and Southeast; the Center-West falls in between. Since surveys of the North region do not cover rural areas, mortality for this region may be underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: A first priority for the further reduction in infant mortality in Brazil is to improve equality among regions, since the North and Northeast, and particularly rural areas, still show very high death rates. Further reductions in infant mortality will largely depend on decreasing deaths due to perinatal causes. Improvements in the coverage and particularly in the quality of antenatal and delivery care are urgently needed. Another intervention with a potential important impact on infant mortality is the promotion of family planning. Improving birth weight might lead to an 8 percent reduction in infant mortality but the efficacy of available interventions is low

Quince años de mortalidad neonatal en un hospital de la Región Metropolitana / A 15 year experience of neonatal mortality rate in a metropolitan hospital

La mortalidad neonatal (MNN) es uno de los indicadores del nivel de vida y de la calidad de la atención médica perinatal. La mortalidad neonatal se analizó en el hospital San Juan de Dios de Santiago durante 15 años, desde 1983 a 1997. Durante este período de estudio nacieron vivos 108374 niños, de los cuales fallecieron 1190. El objetivo de este análisis fue determinar la tasa de MNN global, de acuerdo al peso de nacimiento, sexo, edad de fallecimiento y causa principal de muerte. Para la causa principal de muerte se utilizó la clasificación de Wigglesworth, modificada. La mortalidad neonatal global disminuyó de 15,3 en 1983 a 6,9/1000 nacidos vivos en 1997 (p < 0,001). Esta disminución ocurrió en todos los tramos de peso al nacer, especialmente entre 1000 y 1499 g. Predominó el sexo masculino (p < 0,001). El 21 por ciento de los RN falleció en la primera hora y el 52 por ciento en el primer día de vida. La causa principal de muerte la constituyeron las condiciones asociadas a prematurez (45 por ciento), seguidas de malformaciones congénitas (21 por ciento), infecciones (17 por ciento), hipoxia perinatal (13 por ciento) y misceláneas (4 por ciento). La MNN disminuyó debido, entre otros factores, a: inicio de la residencia neonatológica en 1983, disponibilidad de insumos desechables permanentemente desde 1990 y uso de surfactante artificial profiláctico y terapéutico en RN con enfermedad de membrana hialina y ventilación mecánica, en 1991 y 1994